Cobalt is a rare element, nicknamed ‘blue gold’ because of its high value and extensive uses. Major electronics and vehicle manufacturers use it in the manufacturing of lithium-ion battery which powers laptops, mobile phones, electric cars and tablets.

It is also used to fabricate hot parts of jet engines, gas turbines, and magnetic steel. But this has come at a price for many citizens of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in Africa, who have been exposed to child labour and human right violations.

DR Congo accounts for at least 60% of worldwide cobalt and has about 50% of known global cobalt reserves. Other cobalt producing countries include Russia, Cuba, Philippines, Brazil, Australia, and Canada. In 2018 DRC alone produced 160,000 metric tonnes of cobalt, while the entire EU produced only 2,300 metric tonnes.

Since cobalt forms an essential element in the lithium-ion battery for electric vehicles and electronics, a report by the RCS Global forecasts that “The next few years will see worldwide consumption of cobalt rise significantly as demand from the electric vehicle market comes online.” It further predicts that by 2020, over three-quarters of all such batteries in the world will contain cobalt.

The demand for cobalt is being driven by the growing need for clean and renewable energy

According to the RCS report, unless a visible substitute is found, the demand for cobalt will continue to rise drastically. It is, for this reason, the Joint Research Centre in a report presented to EU Raw Material Week in Brussels warned that “steps must be taken to boost supply and curb demand without hindering the growth in electric vehicles .”

Although there are other substitutes, none can be compared by cobalt which is preferred by manufacturers because it makes batteries to produce more power and to last longer.

But as the demand keeps on rising, more focus and pressure has been placed on cobalt in the DR Congo to satisfy global market needs. This is because there is little coming from other cobalt producing countries in the world.

However, this could also be sustaining human rights abuses, according to Joshua Rosenzweig, Strategy Advisor on Business and Human Rights at Amnesty International. Children and adults working in cobalt mining sites in DR Congo have been subjected to abuses and exploitation by big mining companies and Chinese middlemen who are capitalising on the demand to make huge profits.

An investigation conducted by Amnesty International in 2016, found that cobalt mined by adults and children in horrendous conditions in the DRC is entering the supply chains of some of the world’s biggest brands such as Apple and BMW.

“When we approached these companies we were alarmed to find out that many were failing to ask basic questions about where their cobalt comes from,” said Seema Joshi, Head of Business and Human Rights at Amnesty International.

Most cobalt mines are located in the province of Katanga and are owned by the Chinese. Amnesty International documented children and adults mining cobalt in narrow makeshift tunnels, which were at risk of collapsing anytime. They didn’t have protective gear putting them at risk of skin diseases and lung infections. UNICEF estimates 40,000 children work in slave-like condition in cobalt mines across the country.

Cobalt is such a dangerous element to both human beings and animals. According to The Daily Mail,” even simply eating vegetables grown in local soil can cause diarrhoea and vomiting, thyroid damage and fatal lung diseases, while fish and birds cannot survive in the area.”

Since most of the cobalt is mined by hand, the children are exposed to toxic dust which apart from damaging the eyes, can also cause skin disease and a deadly lung infection. The UN estimates that around 80 children die in the mines every year, but the number could even be higher since many go unregistered after being buried underground by the collapsing tunnels.

The children interviewed by Amnesty International complained how the job was difficult. They said they work up to 12 hours a day for a payment of only one to two dollars a day. “Even the children who went to school worked 10-12 hours during the weekend and school holidays. and the time before and after school.”

One of the children named Paul aged 14 said he started working in underground mining tunnels when he was just 12. He said he would often spend 24 hours down the tunnels. “I arrived in the morning and would leave the following morning,” he said.

Other children said that the work exposed them to extreme conditions. “There is lots of dust, it is very easy to catch colds, and we hurt all over,” said Dany. The children also complained that at times they are assaulted by security men guarding the mines, while girls as young as ten are subjected to sexual attacks at the mines.

One former child miner called, Kongolo Mashingamano Reagen narrated his ordeal to the Financial Times, saying, “It was very tiring, very difficult. I watched too many collapses. I have seen children dying in the mines.” Despite spending his day carrying 25 kg sacks of cobalt, Kongolo wasn’t paid but received only food and accommodation as his wages. Ziki Swaze another child miner told CBS that he works at the mine to support his family since his parents died.

Cobalt has also brought health risks to the locals. One doctor in the village of Kempsa told SKY News that many children are born with mysterious diseases in what he believes is a result of cobalt. “There are lots of infections they’re born with, sometimes rashes, sometimes their bodies are covered in spots,” he said.

Such abuses and risks prompted human rights organisations like Amnesty International to put pressure on major vehicle and electronic manufacturing companies to prove that they are not profiting from the misery of miners working in terrible conditions in the DRC. “The energy solutions of the future must not be built on human rights abuses, ” said Amnesty International.

The organisation, however, still feels that the electronics and electric vehicle companies are still not doing enough to stop abuses entering their cobalt supply chains, three years after it exposed how their products could be linked to child labour in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).

“Nearly two years on, some of the richest and most powerful companies in the world are still making excuses for not investigating their supply chains. Even those who are investigating are failing to disclose the human rights risks and abuses they find. If companies are in the dark about where their cobalt comes from, so are their customers,” said the organisation’s spokesman.

Ideally, companies have an individual responsibility to identify, prevent, address and account for human rights abuses in their cobalt supply chains in the DR Congo.

To assess how companies are becoming responsible, Amnesty assessed electronic and vehicle companies on five criteria that reflect international standards. They included the requirement that “companies carry out what are known as “due diligence” checks on their supply chain and the requirement that they are transparent about the associated human rights risks.”

The assessment report revealed that Apple is currently the industry leader in terms of cobalt sourcing, and was working with its cobalt supplier in DR Congo, to identify and address child labour. The report also observed that “Dell and HP have shown signs of potential. They have begun to investigate their supply links, and have in place some of the stronger policies for detecting human rights risks and abuses in their cobalt supply chains.”

Among electric car manufacturers, the survey ranked BMW as the best although there were areas that needed improvement. “It has made some improvements to its supply chain policies and practices concerning cobalt, but still has not disclosed its smelters and refiners. It also has no plans to disclose any assessments of its smelters’ human rights due diligence practices.”

However, fighting child labour and other abuses in the DR Congo cobalt mines, cannot be fought by human rights organisations alone. It also requires action and commitment from the government.

Following intentional outcry generated by the Amnesty report of 2016, DR Congo government came up with a plan to remove children from all artisanal mines by 2025. This will be very difficult to achieve because of the state of the economy of the country. Many children choose to work at the mines to provide for themselves and their families since their parents are unemployed or have very little income.

Unless the economy is stabilised, free education provided and jobs created, more children and adults will continue to be exploited and abused at the mines. Tough regulatory measures will also have to be put in place to protect those living around and those working in cobalt mining sites.

L'articolo Is Your Phone Being Powered by Child Labour in the Democratic Republic of Congo? proviene da InsideOver.

With Christmas around the corner, the demand for chocolate will rise exponentially in the coming month. Yet, even though the chocolate industry is worth over £75 billion a year, cocoa farmers in West Africa – where 60% of cocoa is grown – still struggle to eke out a living.

Fairtrade International recently conducted a survey revealing that only 7% of all farmers currently earn a living income. And in rural Côte d’Ivoire, cocoa farmer households earn just 37% of a living income. According to a further report, Craving a Change in Chocolate, these farmers struggle to get by on as little as 74p per day – well below the world’s extreme poverty line. Yet, in stark contrast, for around £1.86 per day, which is the average price of a large bar of chocolate, they would be able to have a more sustainable life.

Living in abject poverty, they are often unable to afford necessities such as food, medicine, and education for their children. Furthermore, they are frequently exposed to unsavoury conditions, such as working without the proper protection; long hours in the blistering heat; and accidents or injuries as a result of working with dangerous tools.

What is at the root of the problem?

Michael Ehis Odijie, a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Centre of African Studies at the University of Cambridge, pointed to deforestation as the root of the problem. Many researchers believe that once forestland have been massively cleared, cultivation becomes difficult. Historically, migration into new forestland – following forest depletion – was an inherent part of cocoa production.

“Cocoa production moved from Mexico to Central America in the sixteenth century.  The Caribbean became the production hub in the seventeenth century, and then Venezuela in the eighteenth century. Ecuador and Sao Tomé were the hubs in the nineteenth century before Brazil took over. And then Ghana and Nigeria in the early twentieth century followed by Côte d’Ivoire. The main part of the story is rotation within these countries,” Odijie said.

“These movements follow a line of deforestation. Although cocoa cultivation is vulnerable to several shocks and stressors, such as weather-related shocks (climate change, droughts, floods), biological shocks (black pod disease, swollen shoot virus, pests, mistletoe), price fluctuation, and economic/political shocks, deforestation is the crucial factor in explaining these shifts. This is because, again, forestland is a production factor.”

A constant cycle of deforestation and migration inadvertently leads to a spike in production costs, which farmers are unable to recover by increasing their prices, since they have little control over such things. Chocolate manufacturers do not want diversification, hence many have started collaborating with NGOs to create sustainability in their supply chains. Despite this, sustainability programs do not take into account the changes in the cost structure due to post-forest cultivation.

Fairtrade International identified the problem and have been working towards introducing a reference price to take into account the cost of production. But Odijie argued that their methodology is deeply flawed, since it only collates quantitative responses to changes in cost structure, and instead, a reference price that takes into account the increasing cost of production is needed.

“The increasing cost of post-forest cultivation is what is causing poverty. Planters now have to employ more labour, use more fertilizers, and more pesticides – all of which increases the cost – regardless of price. This explains why planters (especially in Ivory Coast) earn more now compared to the past and are also poorer now. And while some of the extra costs get deflated in several practices, they show up in other areas. For example, some planters use extended relatives to cover the extra labour, but as a result, spend more money on food feeding the relatives,” he explained.

Child labour

With over 2 million children in Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana working in cocoa fields, child labour has also become a major concern. In a statement, Amnesty International surmised that the volatility of the cocoa price proves to be a big challenge for the farmers whose livelihood depends on it, pushing them into cost-saving actions such as slavery and child labour. It stated, “The cause is lack of control as well as price manipulation by large hedge funds counting on large quick returns on short term investments. This makes farmers not only the victims of the chronic underinvestment of their own country but also the victim of greedy businessmen at the stock market.”

One of the reasons why it has been difficult to completely eradicate child labour is because big chocolate manufacturers are unable to pinpoint every farm from where they source their cocoa. Mars, the maker of M&M’s and Milky Way, can trace only 24 per cent of its cocoa back to farms; Hershey, the maker of Kisses and Reese’s, less than half; Nestlé can trace 49 per cent of its global cocoa supply to farms.

“Until we address the poverty issue and raise farmers out of poverty, then this will continue to be a problem,” Timothy McCoy, vice president of the World Cocoa Foundation, told Raconteur.

“If there was an easy solution to this, then we would have solved it a long time ago and moved on.”

L'articolo How Your Chocolate Addiction Traps Cocoa Farmers In Poverty proviene da InsideOver.

Paul started mining at the age of 12 and was one of the children who worked in underground cobalt tunnels in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). He told Amnesty International that he frequently spent 24 hours down in those dark and fetid tunnels; he would arrive in the morning and not leave until the following morning.

Other children – some as young as 7 – complained of being perpetually sick. “There is lots [sic] of dust, it is very easy to catch colds, and we hurt all over,” 15-year-old Dany lamented. On top of frequent bouts of illnesses, children also faced hunger and starvation, often going a whole day without any food while undertaking gruelling labour.

This is the cost of supplying a world that has become progressively reliant on lithium-ion rechargeable batteries – of which, cobalt is a key ingredient – to power electronics like phones, laptops, tablets, and even vehicles.

More than 60% of cobalt comes from the DRC – Africa’s top copper producer. The majority of cobalt mining in the country is conducted in large-scale industrial mines. There, artisanal miners, called creuseurs, dig a significant proportion of the cobalt by hand.

At the throbbing heart of this exponential global market for cobalt, are approximately 110,000 to 150,000 artisanal miners in the DRC – both adults and children – who work in conditions that are hazardous and life-threatening.

Workers typically lack basic protective or safety equipment such as boots, respirators, gloves or face protection, and
 do not enjoy legal protections nominally provided 
by the state. Barefoot, they descend pits – often reaching up to 60-70m of depth – and use basic hand tools to dig for cobalt-containing rocks. As such, they are prone to chronic illnesses, as well as serious and potentially fatal respiratory diseases due to prolonged exposure to dust containing cobalt and other metals.

Pit collapses are common. Miners are also at risk of suffocating in the pits when the generators pumping oxygen into them fail. As recently as 27 June, at least 43 artisanal miners were killed when the tunnel in which they were working collapsed.

Lauren Armistead from the Researcher Business and Human Rights Team at Amnesty International explained, “These issues are deep and structural, and need all the actors in the mining sector in the south of the DRC to come together to address them. There is a lack of viable, productive, authorized mining zones for miners to dig on. There is also a lack of alternative livelihoods. 150,00-200,000 people in the south of the DRC depend on artisanal mining to make a living.”

More harrowing are the children found scavenging for rocks either in the pits or on the surface where they engage in tasks such as sorting, washing and transporting cobalt-containing ore.

The children interviewed by Amnesty International said that they worked for up to 12 hours a day in the mines, carrying heavy loads, to earn between one and two dollars a day. And like adult miners, they were also consistently exposed to high levels of cobalt with no protective gloves or facemasks.

Several children indicated that security guards employed by mining companies had beaten them. Guards also demanded money from them and the children had no way of independently verifying the weight or the grade of the ore they collected, making them susceptible to financial exploitation.

They are forced to work since their parents often have no formal employment and are unable to afford school fees. Due to insufficient funding for education, most schools in the DRC still charge parents a monthly amount to cover costs such as teacher salaries, uniforms, and learning materials.

“The DRC government needs to remove financial and other barriers to accessing primary education. They need to provide free and compulsory education, and reintegrate these children into the school system, as their education has been disrupted because of their involvement in artisanal mining,” Armistead argued.

Yet, completely abolishing the cobalt trade may cause a different type of strain on the economy since it provides employment to many in the DRC. Furthermore, avoiding high-risk contexts does not guarantee that other supply chains are less risky.

There have been some improvements since Amnesty International’s first research into the cobalt supply chain in 2015. Since then, some companies like Samsung SDI, LG Chem, Apple, Microsoft, Renault, Daimler, and BMW have become more transparent and have all published lists of their cobalt smelters/refiners.

Despite this, Armistead said that no company is currently fulfilling the international standard and carrying due diligence as per OECD Guidance for Responsible Mineral Supply Chains from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas. Companies are also still failing to publish a list of the risks and abuses they have found in their supply chain and mitigation strategies to address these risks.

“The DRC government needs to take action to address all the issues surrounding cobalt mining including creating new authorized artisanal zones in accessible and productive mine sites; supporting mining activities through the creation of miners’ co-operatives; regularizing unauthorized mining areas by taking into account safety and policy considerations; and helping to create alternative employment options,” Armistead added.

L'articolo Cobalt: How You Are Using A Product Linked To Child Labour proviene da InsideOver.

Holy is a young boy who enjoys normal activities like most boys his age. He is a bright child who goes to school, plays with his friends, and goes swimming in the local pool. Yet, unlike other boys, Holy goes swimming for different reasons – some so dark that other little boys could never summon those visions – not even in their worst nightmares.

Holy was one of the thousands of children trapped in the nefarious child labour outfit that operates at Lake Volta in Ghana. Holy goes swimming – not because he needs to learn to swim – but to ensure that he no longer associates being in the water with his formidable past. Following the death of both of his parents, Holy slipped through the gaps until he was another statistic that the lake had claimed for its child trafficking ring. Holy never speaks about his past, about the memories that plague him, or about the faces of the other trapped boys whom he had to leave behind.

Yet, Holy was one of the fortunate few to have escaped the murky clutches of that lake. He was rescued by James Deacon, a British volunteer, who was teaching in a nearby fishing village at the time. Deacon befriended the little boy after noticing that he was always working on the lake instead of attending school.

Lake Volta is the largest human-made lake in the world and has become a significant part of Ghana’s fishing industry. Yet, it is a trade that has been built on the abuse of young lives – a lot of whom are under the age of 10. It is estimated that 1 in 3 children in the region are child labourers, who are subjected to chronic violence, gruelling work hours, and starvation.

Holy’s Home for Children, a charity set up a mere 15 minutes drive from the edges of the lake, offers a safe home to orphaned children so that they can attend school. Deacon, who became its founder after being inspired by Holy, said:

“When you go to the lake, you’ll see plenty of young boys hanging around, untangling nets, and playing on the boats. At first glance, you might not even realise what’s going on. There are no horrific scenes of slavery or outright abuse that you see, but that doesn’t mean there’s not a whole industry working there at the expense of these kids. That’s just one town that I’ve witnessed. The size of the lake is monumental, making it a tough issue to track.”

Work conditions for the boys are highly dangerous; many drown because they are often sent into the shadowy recesses of the lake to untangle nets that become entangled in the branches and stumps at the bottom. And if the net is torn when they set it free, they risk getting beaten from their “master”. Apart from that, they are also exposed to a wide array of diseases that could be contracted from the water.

“Physically, this kind of tough manual work will, of course, have damaging effects on their growth and development. The children don’t have the opportunity to learn, focus on school, adhere to a normal routine, or enjoy free time with friends and family. Working as a child in Ghana is not uncommon at all; many children will help their parents farm, or sell items after school or at the roadside. In my opinion, that can be a fulfilling task and teaches them plenty of transferable skills. But, no child should be made to work and particularly not under such conditions,” Deacon said.

Deacon believes that, considering the large scale of the problem, there is not enough awareness being brought to the situation – inside or outside of Ghana. As such, many people remain oblivious of the system.

Unlike a lot of other exporting industries in Ghana, such as cocoa and gold, which are governed by more stringent regulations and international oversights, there are fewer measures in place for the fishing industry. As such, it becomes easier to use vulnerable children for work. Ghanaian children can be sold for as little as 200,000 cedis (£12) into a world of exploitative labour, malnutrition, abuse, and no education.

“There are some NGOs working very hard to limit the practice and take children to places of safety, but as with any large-scale issue, resources will always be a problem. The government of Ghana should encourage a more focused investigation into the practice, drawing on support from NGOs and external organisations, who can implement new ways of fishing. The fishing industry impacts the lives of thousands and is a much-needed resource, but it should not be done like this,” argued Deacon.

L'articolo Thousands of Child Slaves Are Trapped In Ghana’s Fishing Industry proviene da InsideOver.

The beauty industry is no stranger to moral debate, from animal testing and plastic pollution, to the perpetuation of unachievable standards; campaigns have been fought and won, and the ever-changing face of beauty has been forced to adapt to escape its ugly depths. Whilst consumers are becoming ever more conscious of their purchasing power and the impact their choices make on sustainability, the beauty industry continues to find new ways to exploit those who benefit the least – yet are the most vulnerable to its ethical bypassing.

Mica, the shimmery, flaky component that adds a sparkly texture to lipstick and eyeshadow created by brands like L’Oreal, who own, Maybelline, Urban Decay, Essie and NYX, is mined predominantly in North Eastern India, in the states of Jharkhand and Bihar. A recent study by Terre des Hommes at The Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations (SOMO) in the Netherlands exposed the illegal mines operating across India where children are used and exploited. Often being forced to work in mines from the age of five and earning (at the upper end of the wage bracket) an average of 20 rupees (22p) per day. The mines are illegal following India’s banning of mica mining in 2017 and whilst the ban, an attempt to bring an end to the forced (mostly child) labour involved in mica mining, has drawn attention to the issue around the globe, much of the industry now operates illegal with no vetting or oversight from a governing body.

The mica mine shafts and tunnels can be as narrow as a rabbit hole in places, meaning children are required to gain access to the tightest areas of the mines. With ice picks or hammers, baskets and no physical protection, the children can spend all day, from sun rise to sun set, in the mines during the dry season. India currently provides 60% of global mica supply and for the impoverished North Eastern region, this offers a gainful income for many of the villages surrounding the mines. With mica mining, the deeper the depth of the mine, the larger the mica fragments that can be retrieved, consequently, the deeper the mine the higher the chances are of the tunnels collapsing and trapping or crushing the children working within them.

L’Oreal state in their Sustainable Policy on Mica Sourcing that they only use “verified and gated mines” and stress they are “committed to remain in India and ensure the traceability and transparency of its supply chain.” And following outcry over their use of untraced mica, Lush, a brand synonymous with welfare and rights, pulled out of India and now use only lab made shimmer.

Regardless of these sustainability measures, many mica mining communities remain entirely dependent on unregulated mines as their primary source of income. The Terre des Hommes report warns against a quick departure from mica mining countries following association with illegal mines, as this risks and encourages increased illegality within trade and further isolates miners. The report suggests companies with ties to forced, illegal or child mining should stay in the countries in which they currently operate and develop policies to protect miners and safeguard their rights.

A 2016 report by Reuters revealed that the traders who control the mines have been covering up deaths of children occurring during excavations, meaning families are being left without any opportunity to cremate their children – as many bodies are disposed of on site. Additionally, (supposedly) promised compensation payments of between 30,000 to 100,000 rupees (£320 – £1000) for the loss of a child are frequently missed or forgotten, leaving families not only without their loved ones but bereft of a sustainable source of income.

Currently and alarmingly, there are no assured standards for ethically sourced beauty products in the way there are for animal protection. The Leaping Bunny emblem, which can be seen on products cleared of animal testing or cruelty, does not exist in a human equivalent. And whilst many brands have implemented policies outlining their commitment to sustainably sourced mica, the industry remains largely unregulated. This, despite efforts by NGO’s and charities both in India and internationally, to put pressure on brands to safeguard the child victims of the mica trade and to offer viable sources of income for the communities most reliant on this precarious livelihood.

L'articolo The Slaves of the Make-Up Industry proviene da InsideOver.