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	<item>
		<title>L&#8217;ombra dei contractors nel Sahel</title>
		<link>https://it.insideover.com/guerra/lombra-dei-contractors-nel-sahel.html</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Jean Marie Reure]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 06 Oct 2022 16:42:58 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Guerra]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Barkhane]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Burkina Faso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Contractors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hybrid warfare]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Niger]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[PMCs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Russia in Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sahel]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The Wagner Group]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.insideover.com/?p=368815</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p><img width="1920" height="1280" src="https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ilgiornale2_20221006184144207_77b6d50b90575253001801769224d310-scaled.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ilgiornale2_20221006184144207_77b6d50b90575253001801769224d310-scaled.jpg 1920w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ilgiornale2_20221006184144207_77b6d50b90575253001801769224d310-300x200.jpg 300w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ilgiornale2_20221006184144207_77b6d50b90575253001801769224d310-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ilgiornale2_20221006184144207_77b6d50b90575253001801769224d310-768x512.jpg 768w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ilgiornale2_20221006184144207_77b6d50b90575253001801769224d310-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ilgiornale2_20221006184144207_77b6d50b90575253001801769224d310-2048x1365.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /></p>
<p>La Francia rischia di perdere la guerra d'influenza con la Russia nel Sahel. Focus sullo strumento di penetrazione russo le PMC</p>
<p>L'articolo <a href="https://it.insideover.com/guerra/lombra-dei-contractors-nel-sahel.html">L&#8217;ombra dei contractors nel Sahel</a> proviene da <a href="https://it.insideover.com">InsideOver</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img width="1920" height="1280" src="https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ilgiornale2_20221006184144207_77b6d50b90575253001801769224d310-scaled.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ilgiornale2_20221006184144207_77b6d50b90575253001801769224d310-scaled.jpg 1920w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ilgiornale2_20221006184144207_77b6d50b90575253001801769224d310-300x200.jpg 300w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ilgiornale2_20221006184144207_77b6d50b90575253001801769224d310-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ilgiornale2_20221006184144207_77b6d50b90575253001801769224d310-768x512.jpg 768w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ilgiornale2_20221006184144207_77b6d50b90575253001801769224d310-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ilgiornale2_20221006184144207_77b6d50b90575253001801769224d310-2048x1365.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /></p>
<p>Il Sahel, dall’arabo Sahil cioè “bordo del deserto”, è quella fascia di transizione fra le zone desertiche del nord dell’Africa e quelle ricoperte da vegetazione più vicine all’equatore. Considerata come una zona di passaggio e un luogo di intensi scambi commerciali, la fascia del Sahel attraversa i territori della Mauritania, del Mali, del Burkina Faso, del Ciad, del Senegal, del Sudan e dell’Eritrea. Storicamente si tratta di un area dove l’influenza francese è forte, tanto che Parigi ha sempre mantenuto una certa presenza militare nel Sahel, in particolare in Mali, Burkina e Ciad. A seguito della caduta del regime di Gheddafi nel 2011, il Sahel diviene un terreno fertile per numerosi gruppi jihadisti affiliati ad <strong>Al Qaida</strong> e all’<strong>ISIS</strong> che minacciano la tenuta dei governi alleati dell’Esagono. </p>



<p>Per questo motivo, già nel 2013 l’allora presidente Hollande decide di intervenire in Mali con l’operazione Serval per fermare l’avanzata degli insorti Tuareg del Movimento Nazionale per la Liberazione dell’Azawad (Mnla). L’operazione Serval ha poi lasciato spazio alla più ampia operazione Barkhane (2014-2022) che aveva per obiettivo quello di eradicare i gruppi insorti di matrice islamica presenti nella regione. Contestualmente Parigi si fa promotore del G5 Sahel, un quadro istituzionale nato nel 2014 per favorire la cooperazione regionale in materia di sviluppo e – soprattutto – sicurezza fra Mauritania, Mali, Burkina, Niger e Ciad. Dal 2017 il Sahel è però divenuto il terreno di scontro di una vera e propria guerra di influenza fra Francia e Russia, culminato quest’anno con la fine dell’<strong>operazione Barkhane</strong> determinata <a href="https://it.insideover.com/politica/francia-mali-sahel-onu.html">dell’arrivo in Mali</a> della <a href="https://it.insideover.com/difesa/non-solo-wagner-luniverso-dei-contractors-russi-nel-mondo.html">Pmc Wagner</a>. Fra colpi di stato (in particolare in <a href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/sahel/mali/mali-un-coup-dans-le-coup">Mali</a> e <a href="https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2022/02/consultations-on-the-coup-detat-in-burkina-faso.php">Burkina</a>), <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/09/19/au-niger-des-centaines-de-personnes-manifestent-contre-la-presence-militaire-francaise_6142229_3212.html">manifestazioni popolari</a> anti-francesi e pro russe e un crescendo di dichiarazioni critiche nei confronti dell’operato francese da parte di vari capi di stato saheliani Parigi sembra aver perso il suo ascendente sul Sahel. Se l’influenza francese arretra, la presenza russa nel Sahel si espande: gli pseudo-mercenari del Cremlino, cifra distintiva dell’influenza di Mosca, sono ormai presenti nel Sahel in Ciad, Sudan, Mali oltre che nella vicina Libia, nel Centrafrica e in Nigeria.</p>



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">La dottrina Gerasimov</h2>



<p>Nel Sahel la Russia si è attenuta ad un copione ben rodato – quello della dottrina Primakov, attualizzata dall’attuale Capo di Stato Maggiore delle forze russe <strong>Gerasimov</strong> – che ha per obiettivo quello di massimizzare i guadagni strategici, minimizzando il più possibile i rischi e i potenziali costi. Il modello di penetrazione russa si costituisce quindi come un modello ibrido, volto a contenere l’influenza Occidentale (francese in particolare) alternando elementi di soft e hard power in svariati ambiti: dall’economia all’informazione, dalla sfera politica a quella militare. Le caratteristiche salienti di questo modello constano quindi nel largo impiego di “contractors” non riconducibili formalmente a Mosca, nell’utilizzo di vere e proprie campagne di (dis)informazione condotte sui media locali e nella fornitura di pacchetti di cooperazione militare. Questi ultimi nascono da accordi bilaterali fra Mosca e il paese target e spesso consistono nell’invio di armamenti e consiglieri militari russi, con lo scopo di equipaggiare e addestrare le forze locali.</p>



<p>In realtà i partner africani della Russia sono spesso Stati fragili, alle prese con elezioni (Ciad), colpi di stato (<strong>Mali</strong>), insurrezioni o guerre civili (<strong>Libia</strong>, <strong>Sudan</strong>). Il Cremlino fornisce loro dei veri e propri servizi di stabilizzazione (che implicano anche l’impiego della forza da parte dei “contractors” e dei “consiglieri militari”) in cambio di lucrative concessioni per l’estrazione di risorse naturali. Questo modus operandi permette quindi alla Russia di ottenere dei notevoli vantaggi economici, senza implicare direttamente le proprie forze armate.</p>



<p>Un esempio lampante di questa strategia è proprio il caso del Mali. Prima dell’invio degli pseudo-contractors del famigerato <strong>gruppo Wagner</strong>, e prima ancora delle tensioni fra Bamako e Parigi circa la ristrutturazione della presenza francese nell’area, la Russia era entrata in una vera e propria guerra di informazione con la Francia con l’obiettivo di screditare l’operato di Barkhane (la missione francese nel Sahel), facendo leva sul latente sentimento anti-francese e anticoloniale della popolazione maliana. Se il colpo di stato del colonnello Goita, avvenuto il 24 Maggio 2021, ha definitivamente incrinato i rapport fra la Francia e Mali, la macchina della propaganda russa aveva già gettato le basi per l’ingresso del paese dei suoi contractors. L’impiego del soft power, inteso qui come una campagna di propaganda volta ad esaltare le capacità militari della Russia e dei suoi contractors, si è quindi rivelato uno strumento decisivo per avanzare gli interessi russi in Mali.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Caratteristiche delle PMC russe</h2>



<p>Rispetto alle controparti occidentali, le PMSC russe presentano due significative differenze. In primo luogo, offrono servizi di combattimento attivo e non esitano a menzionarlo apertamente, definendosi come PMC (<strong>Private Military Contractors</strong>) o aziende di consulenza militare (come nel caso dell’RSB group). In secondo luogo, non offrono quei servizi legati al c.d supporto militare, o quantomeno lo fanno in misura largamente inferiore rispetto ai gruppi occidentali. Inoltre, il termine Pmc in questo caso è improprio poiché sebbene si tratti di aziende nominalmente private, i vari contractors russi (fra cui figurano l’Anti-terror Group, Center R, Moran Security Group, RSB Group, E.N.O.T., Shchit, Patriot e l’ormai famoso Wagner Group) sono tutti legati ad agenzie di sicurezza russe come l’Fsb, il Gru o direttamente il ministero della Difesa. </p>



<p>La nomea di alcuni di questi gruppi potrebbe far pensare a piccole unità di operatori altamente specializzati assimilabili alle forze speciali ma non è così. Le Pmc russe hanno diverse componenti al loro interno che vanno da interi reparti di fanteria a unità specializzate passando per istruttori e personale tecnico e di supporto. Altresì eterogeneo è il loro impiego: oltre a condurre operazioni di combattimento i contractor russi sono anche in grado di fornire servizi di intelligence e analisi (humint, sigint, osint), di protezione di personale Vip, di sicurezza per siti strategici ed operazioni di informazione e propaganda. I “contractors” russi operano poi in un vuoto giuridico: formalmente illegali in patria queste aziende consentono a Mosca di mantenere una “plausible deniability” circa il loro operato, non essendo riconducibili direttamente al Cremlino.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Il Modus Operandi</h2>



<p>Divenute un formidabile strumento per proiettare l’influenza russa nel mondo, queste Pmc spesso agiscono secondo un preciso modus operandi. Bersagli d’elezione sono quei paesi relativamente deboli, la cui governance del territorio è spesso contestata da gruppi ribelli: il Mali rientra a pieno titolo in questa categoria, ma visto il recente colpo di stato anche il <a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/07/27/burkina-faso-russia-wagner-group/">Burkina Faso</a> potrebbe divenire il prossimo obiettivo russo. I primi contatti tra “contractor” russi e stato target generalmente avvengono a ridosso di elezioni o altri momenti salienti della vita politica di un paese. I primi servizi offerti sono quindi quelli di “consulenza politica”, volti a far eleggere o riconfermare un politico designato. Poi viene l’aiuto militare, sotto forma di armi e tramite l’invio di istruttori. Questi istruttori però partecipano attivamente alle operazioni di combattimento, facendo uso ove possibile di una forza soverchiante, volta a sconfiggere i gruppi insorti rapidamente. </p>



<p>Poco attenti al rispetto dei <strong>diritti dell’uomo</strong> gli pseudo-contractors russi si rivelano, nel breve termine, più efficaci delle forze già presenti sul territorio (cioè i soldati francesi di Barkhane o i caschi blu di Minsuma in Mali). Le Pmc russe di fatto agiscono come moltiplicatori della forza, e i loro successi vengono ampiamente sottolineati nei media locali e regionali grazie a vere e proprie <a href="https://www.theafricareport.com/112950/russia-africa-behind-the-scenes-of-moscows-soft-power/">campagne di comunicazione</a> che sovente si appoggiano a troll factories dietro cui si cela l’ombra del Cremlino. Se ad oggi non è possibile sapere come le Pmc russe vengano retribuite per il loro operato, generalmente l’arrivo di contractors avviene in parallelo a lucrative concessioni per l’estrazione mineraria concluse con aziende russe. In Mali ad oggi non si rileva nessuna attività estrattiva, ma la presenza di importanti giacimenti aurei nel nord del paese suggerisce la ragione dell’intervento russo.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Gli effetti della presenza Russa</h2>



<p>Se la presenza dei “contractors” del Cremlino in <a href="https://it.insideover.com/guerra/qualsiasi-cosa-accada-nel-sahel-conviene-guardare-al-ciad.html">Ciad</a>, alleato chiave della Francia nella regione, non è stata foriera di grandi stravolgimenti, il potere sovversivo della penetrazione russa in Mali è evidente. Non solo Parigi ha dovuto porre un termine a Barkhane, ma anche la missione Eutm (European Training Mission) in Mali è a rischio. Presente nel paese dal 2013, la missione a guida europea ha addestrato più di 18 000 militari affrontando delle spese ingenti. Solo la Germania dal 2014 al 2020 ha investito due miliardi di Euro per la stabilità del Sahel e il rischio di perdere questo investimento è alto. </p>



<p>Uno scenario come quello <strong>Centrafricano</strong>, dove interi battaglioni formati da Eutm Rca sono di fatto passati sotto il controllo diretto degli pseudo-mercenari russi, potrebbe infatti ripetersi in Mali con esiti ancor più disastrosi per la sicurezza del Sahel e per il controllo dei flussi migratori in direzione dell’Europa. Ad aggiungere ulteriori preoccupazione c’è poi la notizia di un <a href="https://www.africanews.com/2022/09/04/mali-hosts-burkina-faso-military-leader-to-discuss-bilateral-cooperation/">incontro</a> al vertice fra Mali e Burkina Faso, che potrebbe preludere ad un riavvicinamento fra i due paesi e che probabilmente porterebbe Ouagadougou nell’orbita dell’influenza russa. Anche il Niger non è esente dall’influenza russa, come dimostrano le recenti manifestazioni ove affianco a slogan anti-francesi sventolavano bandiere della Confederazione Russa.</p>
<p>L'articolo <a href="https://it.insideover.com/guerra/lombra-dei-contractors-nel-sahel.html">L&#8217;ombra dei contractors nel Sahel</a> proviene da <a href="https://it.insideover.com">InsideOver</a>.</p>
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			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Treasure Troves Of Terror: Jihadists Seizing Gold Mines In West Africa</title>
		<link>https://it.insideover.com/terrorism/treasure-troves-of-terror-jihadists-seizing-gold-mines-in-west-africa.html</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Paul R. Brian]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 27 Nov 2019 07:49:40 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Terrorism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Burkina Faso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gold Mining]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Isis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Isis (Islamic State)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Islamic terrorism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sahara Desert]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Terrorist Financing]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.insideover.com/?p=243983</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p><img width="1920" height="1202" src="https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/LP_10690567-e1574768842494.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/LP_10690567-e1574768842494.jpg 1920w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/LP_10690567-e1574768842494-300x188.jpg 300w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/LP_10690567-e1574768842494-768x481.jpg 768w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/LP_10690567-e1574768842494-1024x641.jpg 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /></p>
<p>The poorly-regulated and patchily-policed areas of West Africa near the Sahel and eastern Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger are experiencing a jihadist gold rush. As the Islamic State and Al Qaeda continue to lose territory in the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia their affiliate groups have their eyes on a glittering new prize: &#8230; <a href="https://it.insideover.com/terrorism/treasure-troves-of-terror-jihadists-seizing-gold-mines-in-west-africa.html">[...]</a></p>
<p>L'articolo <a href="https://it.insideover.com/terrorism/treasure-troves-of-terror-jihadists-seizing-gold-mines-in-west-africa.html">Treasure Troves Of Terror: Jihadists Seizing Gold Mines In West Africa</a> proviene da <a href="https://it.insideover.com">InsideOver</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img width="1920" height="1202" src="https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/LP_10690567-e1574768842494.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/LP_10690567-e1574768842494.jpg 1920w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/LP_10690567-e1574768842494-300x188.jpg 300w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/LP_10690567-e1574768842494-768x481.jpg 768w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/LP_10690567-e1574768842494-1024x641.jpg 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /></p><p>The poorly-regulated and patchily-policed areas of West Africa near the Sahel and eastern Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger are experiencing a jihadist gold rush. As the <a href="https://www.insideover.com/schede/terrorism/what-is-isis.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Islamic State</a> and Al Qaeda continue to lose territory in the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia their affiliate groups have their eyes on a glittering new prize: West Africa&#8217;s Sahel region. It&#8217;s a strip of land running southward of the Sahara with unstable government control and a patchy military presence. Even more importantly, the Sahel contains a highly fungible resource that can be used to finance terrorism: gold. Extremist groups have found the Sahel to be a perfect haven for establishing control of bountiful gold mines, a valuable resource which can be easily melted down and is accepted as payment throughout large swathes of the developing world.</p>
<h2>How Does It Work?</h2>
<p>Seizing control of mines serves a dual purpose: it gives militants a source of wealth that is very difficult to trace and it also lets them secure a powerful social and economic position in local communities. In nations like Burkina Faso where incomes are less than $700 per year and most people get buy on growing just enough food to eat, those offering a job and physical protection can be a significant attraction. Militants are helped along by a gold trade mainly run on the black market and a profusion of corrupt local officials unpopular with the people. As Nadia Adam and Lori-Anne Theroux-Benoni <a href="https://reliefweb.int/report/benin/hard-counter-terrorism-lessons-sahel-west-africa-s-coastal-states" target="_blank" rel="noopener">noted</a> for the Institute for Security Studies, &#8220;Communities are infiltrated through co-opting, coercing or killing local leaders. Extremists take advantage of existing intra- or inter-community conflicts to recruit.&#8221; Gold is a highly-fungible asset that lets extremist groups continue to expand influence and run global operations including past attacks on the Ivory Coast and against foreign nationals. Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger export $2 billion in gold per year, the vast majority on the black market and out of sight of government regulation.</p>
<h2>How Many Gold Mines Do The Terrorists Control In West Africa?</h2>
<p>The short answer is that no government or analysts know exactly how many gold mines terrorists have in the Sahel or are taking a cut from. This is partly because Burkina Faso and neighbors have so many unofficial and remote mines that are hard to find even by satellite and difficult to access or assess. As <em>Reuters </em><a href="https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/gold-africa-islamists/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">reports</a>, even data from the best sources is inconclusive about exactly how many mines and how much money terrorist groups are making from Burkinabe gold. However, at minimum terrorists in Burkina Faso were in charge of at least 15 gold mines in Burkina Faso as of this September. The amounts involved are massive: &#8220;in 2018, government officials visited just 24 sites near where attacks had taken place and estimated they produced a total of 727 kg of gold per year – worth about $34 million at current prices.&#8221; Scores of additional eyewitness reports and experiences make it clear that the problem is widespread and growing. The Armed Conflict and Event Data Project (ACLED) has identified that around half of Burkina Faso&#8217;s 2,200 gold mines in 2018 were within 16 miles (25 kilometers) of where extremists had launched attacks. Many foreign workers in Burkina Faso&#8217;s mining industry are now generally flown in by helicopter to<a href="https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/11/14/how-west-africas-gold-rush-is-funding-jihadists" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> bypass roads controlled by insurgents and militants</a>.</p>
<h2>Unofficial Mines Are Rampant in Burkina Faso, Mali And Niger</h2>
<p>Small mines without valid licenses abound in Burkina Faso and neighboring nations, pumping out billions in gold wealth per year. Almost none of this is officially regulated or registered, in fact a mere two percent of Burkina Faso&#8217;s gold exports from 2018 were &#8220;officially&#8221; exported out of the country. The black market is king and it feeds the people. Gold mining, in general, has become a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSjLPJXAJdc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">major draw for poor farmers</a> who want a way to support their family. There is also significant use of <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sEtTtVzYDKs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">child labor</a> in the gold mines. Once working in the mines, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7iv1fef6qo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">conditions are often very harsh</a>, hours long and pay relatively low, also providing a weak spot for extremists to exploit by offering slightly higher pay and more incentives than foreign companies and regular camps. Although oil, vanadium, titanium, zinc, iron and uranium also provide some lifeblood to the Burkina Faso economy, gold is certainly the big attraction today for investors and foreign firms. As the head of the gold miners&#8217; union Moamoudou Rabo put it, gold mining is the heart and soul of the Burkinabe economy. &#8220;There is nothing else.”</p>
<h2>Attacks On Mines Are Increasing</h2>
<p>Earlier this month <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDjRzQCCf2A" target="_blank" rel="noopener">47 Burkinabe were mowed down by terrorists</a> along the road to the Canadian-owned Boungou gold mine in the country&#8217;s east near Arli National Park and more than 60 seriously injured. Last month 20 individuals were slaughtered by jihadists in the country&#8217;s north at an unofficial gold mine. In January Canadian geologist Kirk Woodman was <a href="https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/geologist-who-was-killed-in-burkina-faso-died-while-working-job-he-lovedson" target="_blank" rel="noopener">kidnapped and murdered by jihadists</a> after being taken at gunpoint from Tiabongou camp in the northern region of the Sahel. Numerous kidnappings and robberies have been reported over the past years and are contributing to growing instability in the country.</p>
<p>The overall levels of militant and tribal-driven violence in Burkina Faso and the region are extremely high and under-reported in much of the Western press, partly because a lot of focus has been on France&#8217;s battles with militants in <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WuJrcSKF2LY" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mali</a>. The region also came up briefly into Western and American attention when <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/africa/100000005794489/american-soliders-green-berets-ambushed-niger.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">four US soldiers were killed by militants in Niger in October 2017</a>. So far in 2019 over <a href="https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-escalating-violence-burkina-faso-displaces-500000" target="_blank" rel="noopener">500,000 Burkinabe have been forced to flee their homes</a> because of militant violence and 1,600 have been killed. The violence is particularly bad in the nation&#8217;s east but has also been increasing in Burkina Faso&#8217;s, south and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/blog/coastal-west-africa-now-facing-islamist-extremist-threat">north</a>. Niger, too, is beset by intense <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2019/07/niger-clings-to-stability-in-west-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">terroristic and tribal violence</a>, partly as a spillover. It is an extremely serious situation, to say the least. Last year in Burkina Faso was no better, with <a href="https://reliefweb.int/report/benin/hard-counter-terrorism-lessons-sahel-west-africa-s-coastal-states" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a string of vicious attacks against civilian and government targets</a>. The escalating violence also spills over into neighbors, letting militants build up stable operational bases in-country, infiltrate into Togo and Ghana and launch attacks onto the West African coast including Benin.</p>
<h2>How The Terrorists Export The Gold</h2>
<p>The majority of Burkina Faso&#8217;s jihadist gold is secretly shipped out to Togo and other adjacent countries, refined, and then exported principally to the UAE and also to Turkey, Switzerland, India and Saudi Arabia. In 2018 alone the UAE imported over 7 tons of gold worth over $260 million from Togo which is then processed and sold to buyers in Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Switzerland. Burkina Faso has many holes in its border and does not have strict or effective border control. Terrorists and smugglers hide the gold in herds of cows, hay bales, and in bags on buses and cars. The high price of gold smuggling and sometimes strict penalties for failing motivates ordinary people to go to great lengths to get it over the border. Togo is where it is sorted and then processed and exported. The gold is also secreted out of country from the international airport in Ouagadougou.</p>
<h2>Measures Being Taken</h2>
<p>Attempts have been made to crack down on Togo&#8217;s Wild West gold industry by the UN but so far the results are not conclusive, and international pressure on the UAE regarding its gold import has been met with denial of any laxity or wrongdoing by Emirati authorities. Burkina Faso claims it is taking serious measures to counter the epidemic of violence and gold mine occupation, including warning miners to leave volatile camps and killing 30 militants this past February. Operation Firestorm this spring put Burkinabe troops up against militants in the east. Burkina Faso&#8217;s government says Firestorm was successful in quelling jihadist strength in the east; Operation Uprooting in the north began in May and operations are not yet concluded. Over 500 have been killed so far as a result of jihadist actions in the east and north according to the Burkinabe government.</p>
<h2>French Involvement In Burkina Faso</h2>
<p>France is also involved, and <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/france-announces-troop-deployment-burkina-faso-191106133819577.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">deployed troops into Burkina Faso earlier this month</a> for counterterrorism operations named Operation Bourgou 4 at the behest of the Burkina Faso Government. France has previously provided air power and other assistance to Burkina Faso but the move represented France&#8217;s first solid commitment of ground troops to the African nation. It is necessary to bolster beleaguered Burkinabe troops but has received a mixed reaction in the country where some worry about a return to colonial times or believe that France is only acting out of economic incentives. Most of France&#8217;s 4,500 troops over the last half-decade are in Mali, Niger and Chad.</p>
<h2>Future Security Implications Of The Situation</h2>
<p>Put bluntly the security implications of this story are dark. Economically frustrated and unstable regions of the world being taken over by determined terrorist groups to fund their operations sounds like the plot of a Tom Clancy page-turner, but it&#8217;s real life. Without systemic and institutional changes to bring Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger&#8217;s economies out of the black market and a concerted effort to clean up corruption and wrest control of the gold mines from militant groups, it is exceedingly likely that terrorist groups will continue to make increasing amounts of money by leeching off the region&#8217;s considerable gold.</p>
<p>L'articolo <a href="https://it.insideover.com/terrorism/treasure-troves-of-terror-jihadists-seizing-gold-mines-in-west-africa.html">Treasure Troves Of Terror: Jihadists Seizing Gold Mines In West Africa</a> proviene da <a href="https://it.insideover.com">InsideOver</a>.</p>
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