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	<title>Halford Mackinder Archives - InsideOver</title>
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		<title>Heartland vs. Rimland: le linee di faglia nella guerra per il prossimo ordine globale</title>
		<link>https://it.insideover.com/difesa/heartland-vs-rimland-le-linee-di-faglia-nella-guerra-per-il-prossimo-ordine-globale.html</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrea Muratore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2026 23:13:55 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Difesa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Marina Militare]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://it.insideover.com/?p=523681</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p><img width="1920" height="1280" src="https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/cina-2.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="cina" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/cina-2.jpg 1920w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/cina-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/cina-2-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/cina-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/cina-2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/cina-2-600x400.jpg 600w" sizes="(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /></p>
<p>Perché il vantaggio materiale della coalizione a guida statunitense non si traduce automaticamente in vantaggio strategico. </p>
<p>L'articolo <a href="https://it.insideover.com/difesa/heartland-vs-rimland-le-linee-di-faglia-nella-guerra-per-il-prossimo-ordine-globale.html">Heartland vs. Rimland: le linee di faglia nella guerra per il prossimo ordine globale</a> proviene da <a href="https://it.insideover.com">InsideOver</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img width="1920" height="1280" src="https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/cina-2.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="cina" decoding="async" srcset="https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/cina-2.jpg 1920w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/cina-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/cina-2-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/cina-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/cina-2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/cina-2-600x400.jpg 600w" sizes="(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /></p>
<p><em>Sintesi del saggio di Michael Beckley e Hal Brands, Foreign Affairs, 23 giugno 2026</em></p>



<p><em>Questo argomento ci sta molto a cuore da quando nel 2013 la Cina ha annunciato il programma di una “nuova via della seta”, un modo al passo con i tempi che aveva l’obiettivo di ricostruire il controllo delle vie di comunicazione euro-asiatiche ottenuto con la forza dai mongoli nel Medioevo. L&#8217;analisi di Ludovico Domini, del CESMAR su CIMSEC sottolinea come la crisi nello Stretto di Hormuz del 2026 abbia riaffermato la centralità del controllo nodale sul Rimland rispetto alla superiorità navale classica, un aspetto a lungo trascurato nella strategia marittima. Il conflitto evidenzia lo scontro strutturale tra potenze euro-asiatiche e marittime, dove sistemi asimmetrici A2/AD permettono il controllo dei nodi logistici chiave, ridimensionando le dottrine di Mahan e Mackinder. In questo contesto, anche la guerra in Ucraina si configura come un tassello fondamentale delle tensioni euro-asiatiche per il dominio e il contenimento dell&#8217;Heartland, confermando che il controllo dei nodi nevralgici dominerà la geopolitica futura.</em></p>



<p><em>L’affermazione finale al saggio pubblicato sul CIMSEC riprende e adatta alla situazione attuale la storica frase di Mackinder e il suo successivo sviluppo a cura di Spykman diventando quindi:“<strong>Chi controlla i chokepoint e gli hub nodali domina il Rimland; chi connette l&#8217;Eurasia domina l’Heartland e governa i destini del mondo”.</strong></em></p>



<p>Il saggio di Beckley e Brands rilegge le categorie geopolitiche classiche di <strong>Halford Mackinder </strong>e <strong>Nicholas Spykman </strong>per interpretare la contesa contemporanea tra un blocco continentale euroasiatico &#8211; imperniato su <strong>Cina, Russia, Iran e Corea del Nord </strong>&#8211; e una coalizione marittima a guida statunitense che tiene insieme <strong>Nord America, Europa e Indo-Pacifico.</strong> La tesi centrale è che l&#8217;Heartland odierno sia al tempo stesso aggressivo (secondo gli Stati Uniti, in quanto cerca di sostituirsi ad essi nel dominio economico del continente euro-asiatico) e strutturalmente debole, mentre il Rimland, pur superiore per risorse economiche e tecnologiche, soffra di una frammentazione politica che ne compromette la coerenza strategica.</p>



<p>Gli autori descrivono un ordine internazionale attraversato da una faglia antica quanto la geopolitica moderna. Cina, Russia, Iran e Corea del Nord, circondati da una costellazione di regimi minori che va dalla Bielorussia al Myanmar, <strong>occupano oggi il ruolo che fu della Francia napoleonica, della Germania guglielmina e dell&#8217;Unione Sovietica</strong>; gli Stati Uniti, eredi del ruolo che fu del Regno Unito, restano l&#8217;unico perno capace di tenere insieme <strong>l&#8217;arco costiero che contiene il supercontinente euroasiatico.</strong> In realtà la politica statunitense &#8211; un <em>dividi et impera</em> di stampo moderno &#8211; assomiglia molto a quella britannica è ha come obiettivo il contrasto a qualsiasi alleanza sul continente euro-asiatico che possa mettere a rischio il loro dominio marittimo. A differenza degli imperi del passato, tuttavia, l&#8217;Heartland attuale, secondo gli autori, non è un blocco monolitico, bensì un insieme transazionale di regimi accomunati più dal risentimento condiviso verso l&#8217;ordine liberale che da un&#8217;ideologia comune: Pechino, Mosca, Teheran e Pyongyang collaborano intensamente sul piano economico, tecnologico e militare &#8211; dai microchip cinesi che sostengono l&#8217;economia russa, ai droni iraniani e ai missili nordcoreani impiegati nella guerra in Ucraina &#8211; senza però costituire un&#8217;alleanza di mutua difesa, come dimostrato dal fatto che, nella guerra in Iran, Pechino e Mosca hanno offerto a Teheran solo assistenza tecnica e di intelligence.</p>



<p>Questa natura transazionale limita la solidarietà dell&#8217;asse ma ne riduce anche il rischio di frattura ideologica, <strong>consentendo partnership flessibili con stati cerniera come India e Arabia Saudita.</strong> L&#8217;Heartland dispone oggi di strumenti sconosciuti ai suoi predecessori &#8211; attacchi informatici, capacità antisatellite, missilistica di precisione, controllo cinese delle terre rare. <strong>Il Rimland, invece, resta materialmente dominante, producendo circa metà del PIL mondiale contro il 20% dell&#8217;Heartland </strong>e controllando l&#8217;85% dei flussi finanziari globali, ma appare politicamente frammentato da tensioni interne, impulsi protezionistici statunitensi e riluttanza di alcuni alleati, come emerso durante la crisi con l&#8217;Iran. Per Washington, concludono gli autori, la sfida non è allargare la coalizione ma renderla coerente, attraverso una redistribuzione delle capacità industriali e tecnologiche e una base industriale della difesa integrata tra Nord America, Europa e Indo-Pacifico.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Via della Seta e terre rare</h2>



<p>Il saggio insiste anche sulla dimensione tecnologica della sfida cinese-la cosiddetta &#8220;Via della Seta Digitale&#8221;, fatta di reti 5G e 6G, piattaforme come Alipay e WeChat Pay, sistemi di sorveglianza esportati globalmente e modelli d&#8217;intelligenza artificiale come DeepSeek e Qwen. <strong>Ma è anche fondamentale il controllo cinese delle materie prime critiche</strong>, circa il 60% dell&#8217;estrazione mondiale di terre rare e oltre l&#8217;80% della loro lavorazione, sebbene gli sforzi di diversificazione di Giappone e Stati Uniti stiano progressivamente erodendo tale monopolio.</p>



<p>Sul versante russo, la quota di gas verso l&#8217;Unione Europea è crollata dal 45% al 12% dopo l&#8217;invasione dell&#8217;Ucraina, mentre gli Stati Uniti, divenuti primo produttore mondiale di petrolio e gas, hanno visto crescere le proprie esportazioni durante la guerra in Iran. <strong>Resta netto il divario tecnologico:</strong> Stati Uniti e alleati catturano l&#8217;85% dei profitti mondiali nell&#8217;industria avanzata contro appena il 6% della Cina, che pur essendo primo produttore manifatturiero al mondo dipende ancora da architetture d&#8217;intelligenza artificiale e semiconduttori occidentali.</p>



<p>Sul piano geopolitico, <strong>la novità sostanziale è che l&#8217;Heartland euroasiatico non persegue più un dominio territoriale diretto</strong>, ma una revisione dell&#8217;ordine internazionale attraverso strumenti ibridi-infrastrutture, debito, tecnologia, coercizione economica-che rendono sempre più sfumato il confine tra competizione pacifica e conflitto latente, come dimostra la pressione &#8220;di zona grigia&#8221; esercitata dalla Cina. L&#8217;assenza di un collante dottrinale rende l&#8217;Heartland più elastico nelle alleanze periferiche ma meno capace di disciplina interna; <strong>crescono di rilievo gli &#8220;Stati cerniera&#8221; </strong>il cui allineamento resta negoziabile. </p>



<p>Il paradosso più insidioso per l&#8217;Occidente è che l&#8217;Heartland, pur più debole, resta coeso attorno a un obiettivo negativo condiviso, mentre il Rimland, materialmente superiore, è frenato da polarizzazione interna e da un&#8217;amministrazione statunitense percepita da alcuni alleati come imprevedibile. La verità è che la Cina si espande non più in due direzioni ma in tre-terra, mare e spazio digitale-imponendo all&#8217;analisi geopolitica contemporanea di includere cavi sottomarini, pagamenti digitali e sistemi d&#8217;IA come nuovi teatri di competizione.</p>



<p>Secondo gli autori dell’articolo, sotto il profilo strategico, <strong>il compito più urgente per Washington è il rafforzamento delle barriere militari avanzate lungo la prima catena di isole del Pacifico</strong> e il fianco orientale della NATO, gravato in gran parte su un ristretto numero di alleati di prima linea. Gli autori propongono di trasformare la deterrenza di prima linea in resistenza pluriennale, fondata su una base industriale della difesa distribuita secondo il principio della &#8220;ridondanza senza autarchia&#8221;, e di istituzionalizzare scale di escalation economica prevedibili anche in assenza di un&#8217;alleanza formale. Entro la metà degli anni Trenta, inoltre, Washington fronteggerà avversari nucleari revisionisti su entrambe le estremità dell&#8217;Eurasia con sistemi ipersonici capaci di eludere le difese esistenti-uno scenario che investe direttamente la credibilità degli impegni di sicurezza estesa offerti agli alleati, Italia compresa.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">I compiti dell&#8217;Italia</h2>



<p>Sul piano marittimo, il Rimland esiste anzitutto come costruzione basata su rotte commerciali e libertà di navigazione garantite storicamente dal potere navale angloamericano. La Cina ha raccolto la sfida con la marina più numerosa al mondo, una guardia costiera che supera le flotte asiatiche rivali e una cantieristica capace di superare l&#8217;intero resto del mondo messo insieme, evolvendo da una dottrina &#8220;anti-marina&#8221; verso una proiezione oceanica imperniata su gruppi portaerei multipli, mentre la <em>Belt and Road Initiative</em> ha generato una rete portuale dalla Thailandia alla Grecia potenzialmente convertibile in basi logistiche globali. Anche in questo caso niente di nuovo: <strong>storicamente le basi navali britanniche prima e statunitensi dopo si sono sviluppate lungo il Rimland</strong> e così sta cercando di fare la Cina. Il Rimland trae forza dall&#8217;autosufficienza energetica nordamericana, che ha ridotto l&#8217;esposizione ai colli di bottiglia geografici: solo il 7% del greggio importato dagli Stati Uniti transita per Hormuz, contro quasi metà delle importazioni cinesi, un&#8217;asimmetria che rappresenta una leva potenziale per il Rimland. Resta aperta la questione della sicurezza dei cavi sottomarini e delle infrastrutture portuali europee, e la fragilità delle infrastrutture energetiche russe conferma che anche una potenza continentale dipende da nodi marittimi vulnerabili.</p>



<p>Per l&#8217;Italia, collocata al centro del Mediterraneo allargato, le tesi del saggio impongono vigilanza sulla resilienza delle infrastrutture portuali, energetiche e digitali, <strong>dal Pireo a Trieste; offrono un&#8217;opportunità per Fincantieri e Leonardo </strong>di inserirsi nelle catene produttive integrate di NATO e UE; richiamano Roma a un impegno più strutturato nella condivisione degli oneri di sicurezza collettiva, in linea con una dottrina strategica nazionale coerente e a connotazione marittima. Confermano poi come l&#8217;interesse nazionale a preservare la libertà di navigazione attraverso Suez e Bab el-Mandeb, anche tramite il rafforzamento di partnership regionali come quella con la Grecia.</p>



<p>In conclusione, il vantaggio materiale della coalizione a guida statunitense non si traduce automaticamente in vantaggio strategico se non sorretto da una coerenza politica oggi fragile. La lezione per i decisori occidentali, Italia compresa, è che <strong>la scala non basta: </strong>occorre trasformare la superiorità economica in architettura di sicurezza condivisa, redistribuendo capacità industriali e rafforzando la resilienza delle infrastrutture critiche che tengono insieme il sistema del Rimland.</p>
<p>L'articolo <a href="https://it.insideover.com/difesa/heartland-vs-rimland-le-linee-di-faglia-nella-guerra-per-il-prossimo-ordine-globale.html">Heartland vs. Rimland: le linee di faglia nella guerra per il prossimo ordine globale</a> proviene da <a href="https://it.insideover.com">InsideOver</a>.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Brzezinski&#8217;s Shadow Over Nagorno-Karabakh</title>
		<link>https://it.insideover.com/war/brzezinskis-shadow-over-the-nagorno-karabakh.html</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Emanuel Pietrobon]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Oct 2020 07:08:24 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[War]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[New Cold War]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Turkish-Russian Relations]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.insideover.com/?p=291348</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p><img width="1500" height="1000" src="https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Nagorno-Karabakh-1.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Nagorno-Karabakh-1.jpg 1500w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Nagorno-Karabakh-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Nagorno-Karabakh-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Nagorno-Karabakh-1-768x512.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px" /></p>
<p>It is impossible to fully understand what is going on in Nagorno-Karabakh without taking into the account the wider context, which is not that of a mere Azeri-Armenian dispute but is that of the new Russo-Turkish wars and, to an even greater extent, that of the geopolitical chess game for control over the Heartland. Great &#8230; <a href="https://it.insideover.com/war/brzezinskis-shadow-over-the-nagorno-karabakh.html">[...]</a></p>
<p>L'articolo <a href="https://it.insideover.com/war/brzezinskis-shadow-over-the-nagorno-karabakh.html">Brzezinski&#8217;s Shadow Over Nagorno-Karabakh</a> proviene da <a href="https://it.insideover.com">InsideOver</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img width="1500" height="1000" src="https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Nagorno-Karabakh-1.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Nagorno-Karabakh-1.jpg 1500w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Nagorno-Karabakh-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Nagorno-Karabakh-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://media.insideover.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Nagorno-Karabakh-1-768x512.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px" /></p><p>It is impossible to fully understand what is going on in Nagorno-Karabakh without taking into the account the wider context, which is not that of a mere Azeri-Armenian dispute but is that of the<a href="https://it.insideover.com/politica/tutti-gli-altri-fronti-aperti-tra-russia-e-turchia.html"> new Russo-Turkish wars</a> and, to an even greater extent, that of the geopolitical chess game for control over the Heartland.</p>
<h2>Great Powers in Nagorno-Karabakh</h2>
<p>This conflict is not the mere result of decades-old never-solved misunderstandings between two countries and there is a very simple and easy way to prove it: today&#8217;s great powers are deeply involved in it.</p>
<p>Russia, Iran and their satellites are backing Armenia, whereas much of the West as well as Turkey and Israel are supporting Azerbaijan. Each player has its own reason for explaining their choice and sometimes there is no dialogue among them, the only thing in common is their positioning in the conflict: this is the case of Turkey and Israel, <a href="https://www.insideover.com/war/neo-ottoman-fantasies-turkey-eyes-azerbaijan.html">with the former backing Baku</a> to expand its influence in the region and in accordance with its Pan-Turkic agenda and the latter driven <a href="https://besacenter.org/perspectives-papers/israel-azerbaijan-partnership/">by the goal of countering Iranian influence.</a></p>
<p>The European Union is siding with Baku for reasons other than Pan-Turkism, Russia or Iran: energy security. In recent years Azeri gas has proven to be a valid alternative to Russian gas and both Brussels and Ankara see in Baku a strategic partner with which to decrease their over-reliance on Gazprom.</p>
<p>Then there is the United States, which turned into the Western bloc&#8217;s core state in the aftermath of World War Two. Concurrent with its new role, Washington inherited from the United Kingdom the burden of keeping Eurasia fragmented and pervaded by a controlled and productive chaos.</p>
<h2>The South Caucasus Is a Keystone</h2>
<p>In the 1980s it would have proven impossible and unimaginable for the West to enter South Caucasus and give rise to a game-changing anti-Russian movement, whose strength is such that it has been redrawing Georgia&#8217;s and Azerbaijan&#8217;s national identities. In fact, Georgia is slowly heading towards the EU and<a href="https://it.insideover.com/politica/la-nato-verso-i-confini-della-russia.html"> NATO</a> whereas the latter is more and more part of the Turkic world.</p>
<p>It comes as no surprise that at the outbreak of the new season of fire in the Nagorno-Karabakh, Turkey&#8217;s Foreign Minister <a href="https://it.insideover.com/schede/politica/chi-e-mevlut-cavusoglu.html">Mevlut Cavusoglu</a> claimed that Ankara is ready to support Baku both diplomatically and militarily because they are &#8220;two countries, one nation&#8221;.</p>
<p>Why the West is so interested in the epoque-making dynamics in the post-Soviet Caucasus is easy to understand: the <span style="font-size: 1rem;">ultimate goal of Washington in the contemporary era is the same that drove London&#8217;s moves between the late 18th century and the early 20th century: to prevent any Eurasian power from taking full control over the so-called Heartland.</span></p>
<p>Hegemony over the South Caucasus — a region from which Russia has been almost completely ousted over the years due to the once-in-a-lifetime opportunity offered by the USSR&#8217;s collapse — is a mandatory step in this context due to its pivotal role in linking the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, namely to connecting Europe to Central Asia: that&#8217;s why the US sponsored a color revolution in Georgia, then in Armenia and now is backing Azerbaijan.</p>
<h2>Brzezinski&#8217;s Grand Strategy to Resize Russia</h2>
<p>Zbigniew Brzezinski had the historical merit of understanding the evergreen truth exposed in the pages of Sir Halford Mackinder&#8217;s <em>The Geographical Pivot of History</em>. Mackinder, which is considered the founding father of modern geopolitics, argued that if the United Kingdom wanted to maintain its global hegemony, it had to shift the focus from maritime supremacy to the terrestrial dimension, more specifically to Eurasia.</p>
<p>Three were the powers that scared Mackinder the most: Germany, Russia, and China. Accordingly, he set the guidelines for a grand strategy aimed at <a href="https://www.insideover.com/politics/why-the-united-states-wants-germany-to-be-anti-russian.html">avoiding a Russo-German axis</a> and at keeping the Heartland out of control of any one great Eurasian power.</p>
<p>But what is the Heartland? It&#8217;s the very core of Eurasia, ranging from Central Asia to the Siberian steppes. Destiny and geography wanted it to be ruled by Russia. According to Mackinder, &#8220;Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island; who rules the World-Island commands the world&#8221;.</p>
<p>The USSR hegemonized the Heartland for almost a century but it didn&#8217;t get to achieve a globally-extended hegemony: the West managed to keep Eurasia fragmented and impossible to control for any Asian power at first with the containment doctrine and then by playing Moscow and Beijing against one another. In any case it was only matter of containing the Kremlin&#8217;s expansion, because then the Heartland couldn&#8217;t be touched in any way.</p>
<p>But the end of the Cold War paved the way for a historical and dramatic ground-breaking change: the Heartland-dominating Soviet Union imploded in fifteen states. Shortly after the event, Brzezinski, former counselor to President Lyndon Johnson and President Jimmy Carter&#8217;s National Security Advisor, elaborated a very detailed grand strategy for Eurasia aimed at exploiting to the fullest the disappearance of the Soviet empire.</p>
<p>His ideas took the form of a book, <em>The Grand Chessboard</em>, dated 1997, whose suggestions and predictions are all coming true: from NATO and the EU&#8217;s eastward expansion to the<a href="https://it.insideover.com/politica/come-e-perche-sta-aumentando-il-peso-della-polonia-nella-nato.html"> instrumental use of Poland</a> to form an anti-Russian <em>cordone sanitaire</em> incorporating Eastern European post-Communist and post-Soviet states, from <a href="https://www.insideover.com/politics/ukraine-and-russias-long-road-to-annihilation.html">Euromaidan</a> to the promotion of an Islamic and pan-Turkic revival<a href="https://www.insideover.com/politics/why-russia-should-worry-about-turkeys-growing-presence-in-the-stans.html"> in post-Soviet Central Asia</a>.</p>
<p>If the keyword throughout the Cold War was &#8220;containment&#8221;, Brzezinski changed it in &#8220;encirclement&#8221;, which implies also &#8220;resizing.&#8221; However, not everything went as planned because the decision to turn &#8220;Russia from an Eurasian empire to an Asian empire&#8221; by promoting a bloody color revolution in Ukraine prompted the Kremlin to build an anti-Western<a href="https://www.insideover.com/politics/russias-identity-after-euromaidan-goodbye-europe-hello-asia.html"> strategic partnership with China</a>, and in minor part with Iran as well.</p>
<h2>Why the South Caucasus Matters Geopolitically</h2>
<p>Brzezinski, as previously said, elaborated his vision by re-reading and updating Mackinder&#8217;s thought. It was precisely Mackinder who suggested the removal of the South Caucasus from Russia&#8217;s orbit. He did so in the aftermath of the Communist revolution hopefully to convince the United Kingdom to fund anti-Bolshevik separatist movements in the Baltic states, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Dagestan – the last one included Chechnya and Ingushetia at the time of his writings.</p>
<p>From the Baltics to Chechnya it is impossible not to note how Mackinder&#8217;s post-World War One ambitions have been resumed by the West in the post-Cold War, perfectly condensed in Brzezinski&#8217;s master plan and later turned into reality. Now, 23 years after the start of the chess game, the Stalin-built buffer-zone system has been almost completely incorporated into the EU-NATO system and, as a natural consequence of this, the West is increasing the pressure over the remaining Russian-influenced areas in Europe and South Caucasus: Serbia, Moldova, Belarus and Armenia.</p>
<p>Both Mackinder and Brzezinski were very interested in the dynamics taking place in the South Caucasus because, as previously written, it represents a linking point the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, that is between Europe and Asia. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep12661?seq=8#metadata_info_tab_contents">According to Mackinder</a>, &#8220;the Heartland for the purposes of strategic thinking, includes the Baltic Sea, the navigable Middle and Lower Danube, the Black Sea, Asia Minor, Armenia, Persia, Tibet and Mongolia.&#8221;</p>
<p>Brzezinski&#8217;s vision differs from that of his predecessor only for one fact: it has been deepened and perfected by the addition of new elements. The pages of <em>The Grand Chessboard</em> explain the reason for Western involvement in the Azeri-Armenian dispute on Baku&#8217;s side: &#8220;Azerbaijan is [&#8230;] geopolitically critical. [&#8230;] It can serve as a corridor for Western access to the energy-rich Caspian Sea basin and Central Asia&#8221;.</p>
<p>Actually, modern-day Azerbaijan has become what Brzezinski predicted: a vital energy provider for the West. But Baku, in order to be truly useful and fully exploitable to the ends of the chess game, had to also fall into Ankara&#8217;s sphere of influence because &#8220;an independent, Turkic-speaking Azerbaijan, with pipelines running from it to the ethnically related and politically supportive Turkey, would prevent Russia from exercising a monopoly on access to the region and would thus also deprive Russia of decisive political leverage over the policies of the new Central Asian states.&#8221;</p>
<h2>Russia&#8217;s Mistakes</h2>
<p>The US is close to checkmating Russia, not because of Brzezinski’s infallibility but due to the Kremlin’s underestimation of the West’s purposes and capacity in the post-Soviet space. It should have been very clear in 1999 and 2004, with the NATO enlargement to Baltic states and Warsaw pact former members that a new cold war was secretly underway.</p>
<p>This myopia worked in favor of the West, which got to  silently <span style="font-size: 1rem;">expand </span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">its influence in the post-Soviet space over the years: from Eastern Europe to South Caucasus, and even to Central Asia, where the West is skillfully making use of Turkey as a fifth column to weaken Russia&#8217;s power position. Now, only a few of countries are left in the Kremlin&#8217;s backyard and all of them are experiencing extraordinary pressure.</span></p>
<p>Another severe mistake was to increase reliance on the West — in particular the EU — from trade and energy exports to tech acquisition. Such dependency proved harmful in the aftermath of the Ukraine-related sanctions regime and has been obligating Russia to elaborate a China-based contingency plan that, again, may prove successful or<a href="https://it.insideover.com/politica/quelle-crepe-nascoste-nellasse-fra-mosca-e-pechino.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> extremely detrimental</a>.</p>
<p>Such a situation was forecast by Brzezinski, who strongly believed that an eventual Moscow-Beijing axis would be Chinese-led and would accelerate Russia’s run to demotion from a world-leading power to an ever-declining regional power belonging to China’s sphere of influence.</p>
<p>Twenty-three years after the publication of <em>the Grand Chessboard</em>, Asia’s New Great Game seems close to the end and it&#8217;s the US who is going to make checkmate. Russia has only one opportunity to win the game: to let itself be guided by Brzezinski, that is to read carefully the content of his prophecy-empowered book and to study in-depth his thought, because the US is basing its Russia-focused foreign agenda on that thought.</p>
<p>The first step is to convert the partnership with China into an alliance, but in such a way not to play a junior role. The second is to use Iran to counter Turkey&#8217;s ever-growing influence in the South Caucasus, Central Asia and<a href="https://www.insideover.com/nationalism/russia-is-a-new-season-of-separatism-coming.html"> even within Russia itself</a>. Brzezinski&#8217;s nightmare was the birth of an anti-hegemonic coalition formed by this powerful trio of Germany, Russia and China: Russia&#8217;s defense of the Heartland, and of their own very existence, depends on them forming a world-overturning alliance.</p>
<p>L'articolo <a href="https://it.insideover.com/war/brzezinskis-shadow-over-the-nagorno-karabakh.html">Brzezinski&#8217;s Shadow Over Nagorno-Karabakh</a> proviene da <a href="https://it.insideover.com">InsideOver</a>.</p>
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